Outsourcing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Re-appropriating - Essay Example Consequently, associations endeavoring to contend internationally during the 1970s and 1980s were impaired by an absence of readiness that came about because of enlarged administration structures (Corbett, 1996). Be that as it may, most associations were not absolutely independent; they redistributed those capacities for which they had no competency inside. Distributers, for instance, have regularly bought creation, printing, and satisfaction administrations. The utilization of outside providers for these basic however subordinate administrations may be named the standard stage in the advancement of redistributing. The primary business reason for redistributing is to upgrade the estimation of an association's contributions to its clients (Earl, 1996). In the gadgets business, expanded market rivalry recognizes constant change and improvement in the creation lines, re-appropriating and flexibly chain the board of organizations. Relationship and investment of providers and makers in item plan, advancement, just as innovative work portray the present global business condition coming about to showcase unpredictability (Sobrero and Roberts, 2001; Appleyard, 2003). These associations for the most part share restrictive corporate information with outside providers and accomplices while guaranteeing greatest security to upgrade productivity over the item lifecycle by smoothing out acquisition, creation, satisfaction, and appropriation forms (Katsikeas, Schlegelmilch and Skarmeas, 2002) which requires incorporation of utilizations and information over different geologically scattered flexibly chain accomplices, just as inner combination with inheritance frameworks (Katsikeas, Schlegelmilch and Skarmeas, 2002; Appleyard, 2003). Advantages Re-appropriating fabricating is one of fundamental business and gracefully chain methodologies which are one way organizations are changing business tasks to convey better items quicker at most reduced cost conceivable (Domberger, 1998). It is a sort of flexibly chain cooperation model and vital collusion approach, which permits the OEMs to focus on item improvement, deals and promoting (Bounfour, 2003). It in the long run causes business associations to increase upper hand of expanded item accessibility, decreased stock; limited complete coordinations cost and quickly acquaint their item with advertise without a noteworthy interest in plans for capital hardware (Arnold, 2000). Regularly, there are two kinds of re-appropriated administrations, innovation and business process. Each can be latent inclined toward the ensuing territories. The principal kind of redistributing is the innovation administrations. This sort covers the electronic business (internet business), foundation (systems), programming (applications), media communications and site advancement and facilitating. The second kind of redistributing is the business procedure re-appropriating. Under this sort of re-appropriating are client contacts (client relations the executives), hardware, money/bookkeeping, HR, coordinations, obtainment/gracefully chain the board and security. Lee et al (2002) expressed that there have three significant re-appropriating drivers: (a) financial - cost decreases, cost control and

Jetblue Airways: Starting from Scratch Essay

Toward the start, JetBlue the executives set the pace for themselves that they would be diverse then different carriers. To do that they set qualities for all representatives through and through to follow and they set up an alluring compensation and an extraordinary advantages bundle that would take into consideration effective enrollment and maintenance of workers, while fundamentally lessening the opportunity of an association moving into the association. Equivalent Employment Opportunity Laws There are sure Equal Employment Opportunity laws that each business ought to know about and use as rules when building up a working relationship with representatives and point of view workers. These laws secure managers and representatives and improve the general relationship between the two. Three Equal Opportunity laws that sway JetBlue’s recruiting rehearses are: Title VII, Civil Rights Act of 1964, Amended 1972 One of many Equal Employment Opportunity laws, the Civil Rights Act might be the most significant law as it denies a business from oppressing an individual dependent on race, religion, shading, sex, and age. This assurance from separation covers the territories of â€Å"hiring, terminating, advancing, pay, or in wording, conditions, or benefits of employment.† (Mondy, 2008) Americans With Disabilities Act, 1990 Basically, this law denies businesses from victimizing anybody with a certified incapacity. This law sets up that a business must make sensible facilities for an incapacitated individual in the workforce that doesn't make an undue hardship to the business. Instances of those housing are refreshing offices to address the issues of the debilitated representative; modifying work timetables; and refreshing gear that a crippled worker could utilize. Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967, Amended 1978, 1986 This law was made to ensure workers beyond 40 years old from business separation dependent on age. The law additionally precludes businesses from driving workers into retirement. The Age Discrimination Employment Act applies to the two representatives and occupation candidates. JetBlue’s Recruitment Efforts A key inner enlistment exertion that JetBlue utilized was to look for referrals from existing workers. This exertion is best shown with the pilots. JetBlue set out to recruit workers who fit with the organization’s vision and consequently they offered representatives adaptable time, pay and benefits and gave the pilots refreshed innovation and preparing. The objective of setting up Values and distinctive business bundles was to show the staff that JetBlue thought about them. This thus made representatives be more faithful than at different aircrafts and before long informal spread and individuals needed to work for JetBlue. As indicated by Dave Berger, JetBlue COO, â€Å"the cheerful pilots were an extraordinary hotspot for enlisting their companions from contending airlines.† (Hoffer, 2001) Remotely, JetBlue set one ordered promotion in a Salt Lake City paper looking for intrigued candidates for the situation of reservations operators. This â€Å"single neighborhood advertisement† brought about JetBlue recruiting more than 500 reservations operators and gathering â€Å"a holding up rundown of 2,500 intrigued applicants†. (Hoffer, 2001)The one commercial was so effective on the grounds that it lured imminent representatives with an adaptable work routine, standard compensation with a reward on the off chance that they accepted calls at whatever point required, and they gave PCs and fundamental hardware to the staff individuals so they could all work from home. JetBlue’s Personnel Selection JetBlue made five Values that would be utilized to settle on choices in every aspect of the association including Human Resources. Those Values are Safety; Caring, Integrity; Fun; and Passion. JetBlue at that point broadly expounded with the Values to create guidelines of â€Å"desirable and bothersome behaviors† (Hoffer, 2001) and utilized those gauges in getting some information about past conduct. JetBlue set out to recruit individuals who best fit those Values. While meeting a candidate for a repairman position, the candidate was approached to review when â€Å"integrity was an issue in his past employment.† (Hoffer, 2001) The technician depicted when he was compelled to close down that a plane was prepared for a universal flight when in truth it was most certainly not. The candidate disclosed he would not affirm the airplane and was along these lines terminated. JetBlue recruited this candidate since he fit the Values of the association. Ann Rhoades, official VP HR, clarifies that she didn’t offer a forthcoming pilot a position on account of what she saw as his presumption. Haughtiness doesn’t fit into the Values JetBlue set for its association. During a meeting with a pilot candidate, the pilot was approached to examine when he was experienced with a â€Å"customer demand that was in strife with organization polices† (Hoffer, 2001) and clarify how he tended to the solicitation. His reaction was contrasted with the Values and whether it fit into the meaning of attractive or unwanted conduct. JetBlue utilized a strategy for using numerous questioners and every one of those questioners needed to concur before a proposal of work was made. Using the gathering meeting technique, JetBlue was giving those representatives in the group a feeling of proprietorship and self-sufficiency which further improved worker fulfillment. Three Factors that Influence a Performance Appraisal System While using an exhibition evaluation framework, an association ought to know about the inner and outside components that impact the results of such examinations. One model is enactment. Whenever a business is managing a representative or potential worker, they should guarantee they are not oppressing any secured class. During the exhibition evaluation process, the business needs to have frameworks set up that guarantees no separation or negative effect of a secured class or gathering happens. These are similar necessities portrayed above in the Civil Rights Act; Age Discrimination in Employment Act; and the Americans With Disabilities Act, 1990. Another factor to consider is worker's organizations. In the event that an association has a work concurrence with a sorted out association, they may get push again from the association regarding the matter of Performance Appraisals. Associations by and large support pay increments and advancements dependent on rank, not on merit. In that capacity, they are known to restrict any kind of execution evaluation framework. A third factor is totally heavily influenced by an association and that is corporate culture. The way of life inside an organization can have either a negative or positive effect on the exhibition examination framework and is reliant on the disposition starting from the top. Representatives are probably going to not believe in the exhibition evaluation framework if the association doesn't empower a situation of elite, cooperation, and self-awareness. The absence of help by the association, manufactures doubt by the workers in every aspect of HR. 360-Degree Feedback Evaluation The 360-Degree Feedback Evaluation is utilized for improvement of workers and groups and can be useful in distinguishing objective regions, for example, expanding on qualities of a representative or recognizing and centering advancement needs. By using criticism of an employee’s colleagues, chiefs, and clients, 360-Degree Feedback gives a progressively adjusted assessment then one that could be impacted by a disappointed manager, companion or client. The framework permits the association to create progression plans which is significant inside and remotely in light of the fact that it gives the representatives certainty that the association has likely arrangements for development. By utilizing this framework, an organization can make an expert turn of events and preparing program that is centered around representative needs, empowering the worker to be effective which thusly, enables the organization to be fruitful. Instead of depending on money related objectives to quantify an employee’s commitment to the association, JetBlue uses the 360-Degree Feedback Evaluation process. JetBlue altered the procedure considering it the 320-degree input process, a play on the name of their airplane, and utilizations it to decide if workers are meeting the company’s five basic beliefs. Since these fundamental beliefs (security, mindful, uprightness, fun, energy) all straightforwardly identify with companions, bosses and associates, JetBlue can get an immediate evaluation of each employee’s execution and capacity to meet the five guiding principle. Worker Related Factors Essential in Determining Financial Compensation While tending to the issue of worker pay, a business should initially assess the activity by directing an occupation investigation to decide the prerequisites and states of the position. When the examination is finished, the business can draw in and hold qualified people. While recruiting, it is critical to consider the applicant’s experience, execution, aptitudes and competency before deciding the correct pay for the future workers. Experience Experience upgrades an employee’s execution and is esteemed by managers. Deciding whether a representative has significant understanding and essential information on the activity is a significant variable in setting up remuneration. Execution Remunerating workers with pay dependent on their presentation and profitability frequently inspires them to improve. Numerous organizations utilize the legitimacy based framework by rating employee’s execution and expanding pay. Aptitudes Pay is now and again dependent on an employee’s capacity to successfully demonstrate their capacity to perform specific errands. Competency Skills are in many cases related with an employee’s mentality and qualities. Numerous organizations discover these abilities similarly as significant as aptitudes, training and experience. Optional Employee Benefits Optional advantages are only that, at the

Grading B.J. Novaks ONE MORE THING, Story by Story

Grading B.J. Novaks ONE MORE THING, Story by Story [buyandread isbn=0385351836 linkshare=http://store.kobobooks.com/en-US/ebook/one-more-thing] Every once in a while I grade a collection of essays or stories on Book Riot, essay by essay or story by story. Past graded collections include Ann Patchetts This is the Story of a Happy Marriage and Karen Russells Vampires in the Lemon Grove. I usually grade every single piece in the collection in question, but thats just not going to be possible with B.J. Novaks One More Thing: Stories and Other Stories because there are 64 STORIES IN THE COLLECTION. No, I promise its not the size of a dictionary, some of the stories are a sentence, some are a paragraph. And I just cant grade them all, because it would drive me crazy, but more importantly, it would drive YOU crazy. In fact, one of the main criticisms the collection has received (and mind you, its received mostly praise on praise on praise) is that it seems like Novak threw in basically every clever thing he ever jotted down on a Post-it in between takes on The Office set. Indeed, even some of his longer pieces sometimes feel like e xtended jokes or sketch-turned-prose. I note in reviews below whether I think a piece is a good sketch idea or an actual good short story idea, I listened to the audiobook, and if you read this book (and I absolutely recommend you do), you should really think about listening on audiobook, there are SO many guest stars. B.J. Novak read most of the stories, and Rainn Wilson and Mindy Kaling do most of the pinch hitting, but theres a CAVALCADE of stars in this audiobook, with Emma Thompson, Julianne Moore, Carey Mulligan,  Jenna Fischer, Jason Schwartzman, Lena Dunham, and Katy Perry stepping in to do guest spots. Its a little look-how-many-famous-friends-I-have-y, but its also really fun to hear these celebrities when they pop in, so well let the audiobook-version-of-humblebragging slide. Onto the grades! THE REMATCH Tortoise and the Hare have a rematch race. Was almost a sketch, but then crystallized at end and became story, and a very insightful story at that. A. NO ONE GOES TO HEAVEN TO SEE DAN FOGELBERG Going to see famous musicians in concert in heaven. This one began to touch on some interesting stuff about mortality and what happens to familial relationships in the great beyond, but ultimately didnt get all the way there. B+ JULIE AND THE WARLORD Jenna Fischer plays a girl who goes on a date with a warlord. This would have been an awesome Key and Peele sketch, it was a good enough short story. B. I NEVER WANT TO WALK ON THE MOON A rant that becomes poetry. I dug. A- SOPHIA B.J. Novak plays a man who believes in true love and Lena Dunham plays the sex robot who falls in love with him. I loved Her, you guys, I loved it, but I loved this take on future-robot-romance just a little bit more. This one just unravelled me. Its pretty much a perfect short story. B.J. Novak self-deprecatingly describes his shorts stories by saying Imagine if George Saunders wasnt a genius, but I dont know, this story (and a few others in the collection) feel pretty darn genius to me. A+ THE COMEDY CENTRAL ROAST OF NELSON MANDELA Celebrities feature PROMINENTLY in this collection, and not just as guest narrators. Tony Robbins gets a story (narrated by Julianne Moore!), as does Chris Hansen, John Grisham, Elvis, Johnny Depp, Kate Moss (Carey Mulligan narrates that ish) and as much as I want to give Novak a slap on the wrist for TOO MANY CELEBRITY NARRATORS AND TOO MANY CELEBRITY CHARACTERS, they were mostly enjoyable and this was my favorite of the celebrity stories (though Johnny Depp came pretty close). B+ THE MAN WHO INVENTED THE CALENDAR The diary of the man who invented the calendar in its first year of use. Boy meets girl, loses girl, meets another girl, theres a human sacrifice, and all the while the inventor is trying to perfect the calendar while working on his new invention, the clock. A comedic and melancholy (comedicholy?) look at the passage of time, one of my favorites in the collection. A+ WIKIPEDIA BROWN AND THE CASE OF THE MISSING BICYCLE One of the rare stories in the collection where the title is MUCH better than the actual story, this was a sketch, and a one-note sketch at that. Its not a bad story (its an even less bad sketch) Wikipedia Brown just doesnt measure up to the sex robots and calendar inventors that populate the rest of the collection. B- THE BEST THING IN THE WORLD AWARDS Love always handily wins these televised awards (hosted by Neil Patrick Harris, the twenty-gajillion-billionth celebrity to be a character in this collection) until the year that Nothing is a contender. This one had weird Harrison Bergeron undertones, I was into it. A- J.C. AUDETAT, TRANSLATOR OF DON QUIXOTE Another one of my favorites in the collection, a poet who becomes a super-famous translator, his translations of Cervantes and Proust populating the bookshelves of Urban Outfitters. Novak writes fake reviews of these translations by famous book reviewers and its super insider baseball and awesome. But this is just a really thoughtful and awesome story about art and commerce and how much and how little they Venn Diagram and how confusing this is to artists. And a KILLER last sentence. Anyone else read this collection? How do your grades compare and contrast? _________________________ Sign up for our newsletter to have the best of Book Riot delivered straight to your inbox every week. No spam. We promise. To keep up with Book Riot on a daily basis, follow us on Twitter, like us on Facebook, , and subscribe to the Book Riot podcast in iTunes or via RSS. So much bookish goodnessall day, every day. Sign up to Unusual Suspects to receive news and recommendations for mystery/thriller readers. Thank you for signing up! Keep an eye on your inbox.

Developmental Assessment of Childhood - 1767 Words

Developmental Assessment of Childhood: PRECIOUS The film Precious is an emotional movie that deals with the unfortunate realities of everyday life for some individuals. The film that stares Gabourey Sidibe who plays the main character Clarice â€Å"Precious† Jones is based out of Harlem in the year of 1987. Precious is a sixteen year-old obese and uneducated teenager whom has had to grow up in a severely dysfunctional family environment. Her mother verbally and physically abuses her, often times using her as a personal servant. Her father has been sexually abusing her since childhood, and has impregnated her twice. Precious has lived with the ugly truth that because of her weight, skin color, and sexual abuse, she does not fit in†¦show more content†¦It is said that â€Å"Certain circumstances relating to sexual trauma have been associated with heightened eating disorder symptoms in particular, including if the sexual trauma involved parents or if it occurred more than once† (Murray and Waller, 2002). In t he film, it is also obvious that Precious is not happy with her physical looks. At one point in the movie, Precious looks in the mirror, and sees a slim, blue-eyed blonde. This evidently shows that she sees herself as she wants to be, rather than what she really is. The next assessment is the Psychological assessment. Precious has experienced Sexual abuse from her father and physical abuse from her mother since she was a baby. Precious has flashbacks, low self-esteem, socialization problems, and depression. These are all signs of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). According to Merriam Webster online dictionary, PTSD is â€Å" a psychological reaction that occurs after experiencing a highly stressing event (as wartime combat, physical violence, or a natural disaster) outside the range of normal human experience and that is usually characterized by depression, anxiety, flashbacks, recurrent nightmares, and avoidance of reminders of the event† (citation). Despite the traumatic issues she was dealing with, she managed to show resilience in some ways. â€Å"Im gonna break through or somebody gonna break through to me† (movie quote). Although she easily could have, Precious did not allowShow MoreRelatedSimilarities and Differen ces between Reggio Emilia and High Scope1681 Words   |  7 PagesThere are many different curriculums that are used in early childhood classrooms. Two curriculums that are used are High Scope and Reggio Emilia. Both of these curriculums have unique aspects that make up their curriculums. In addition, High Scope and Reggio Emilia have similarities and differences. In Ypsilanti, Michigan Dr. David P. Weikard created High Scope in 1970. High Scope does research in a variety of areas. However, they are best known for their research in preschool education andRead MoreEarly Childhood Curriculum Planning Essay examples716 Words   |  3 Pagespurpose of curriculum in the early childhood classroom. Discussed will be the definition of an integrated curriculum, and the connection between curriculum and development in the pre-kindergarten and Kindergarten student. The core content areas of childhood development will be outlined and defined and developmental support provided to all areas of content will be examined. Some of the reasons for maintaining a curriculum plan, as well as connections between assessment and curriculum will be addressedRead MoreDifferent Types Of Assessments That Have Been Standardized Essay1290 Words   |  6 PagesThere are many different types of assessments that are used during different situations and some during differen t times during the year. Each assessment has its own uses and also its own ‘rules’, which can be categorized as formal and informal. Formal assessments are assessments usually given through tests and are referred to as standardized tests. Informal assessments are assessments is mostly given in natural settings and include tools such as running records and anecdotal notes. This researchRead MoreAssessment Of The Kindergarten Classroom : An Empirical Study Of Teachers Assessment Approaches1593 Words   |  7 Pages Assessment in the Kindergarten Classroom For many years, educators have been challenged in their efforts to assess kindergarten children using a variety of strategies. Tests and other types of assessments designed for kindergarten children are not the same as those intended for children in later grades in elementary school. Today, kindergarten teachers face the challenge of balancing traditional developmental programming with the academically oriented curriculum that is currently required. TheRead MoreChildhood Stuttering : A Narrative Review1553 Words   |  7 PagesChildhood Stuttering: A Narrative Review Yaruss (2004) introduces childhood stuttering as a communication disorder characterized by atypical disfluencies that interrupt the smooth flow of speech. Some disfluencies, such as phrase repetitions, revisions, interjections, and pauses, are common in the speech of typically developing children; however, atypical disfluencies such as prolongations, blocks, and part or whole-word repetitions may be indicative of developmental, or childhood, stuttering (YarussRead MoreChildhood Apraxia Of Speech : A Motor Speech Disorder1715 Words   |  7 PagesChildhood Apraxia Of Speech (CAS) Childhood apraxia of speech is a motor speech disorder. In CAS a child might have problems performing the correct movements for speech due to signaling problems between the brain and the muscles used for speech production. This signaling problem causes the child to have difficulty learning accurate speech movements. Speech movements that a normal developing child learns with ease are difficult for a child with apraxia of speech. The cause of childhood apraxia ofRead MoreResearch On Children With Speech Language Impairment1132 Words   |  5 PagesSpeech-Language Impairment: An Introduction to the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study - Kindergarten Cohort. Language, Speech, And Hearing Services in Schools, 41, 61-69. Retrieved May 6, 2016. 2. Purpose Of The Article Study: There have been a rising proportion of single-parent families, an increasing number of working mothers, and an increasing number of children with special needs. Due to these occurring societal shifts in the United States, the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study – Kindergarten Cohort (ECLS-K)Read MoreUnderstanding The Behavioral Theories And Practices Essay1696 Words   |  7 Pagesbehavior theories to assessment, treatment, and interventions. The vignette introduces Charlie, a 6-year-old child of color, who based on mental health problems within the house lives with his Aunt and stepfather. Examination of the vignette relates to the understanding of Adverse Childhood Experiences, System Theory, and Environmental Perspective Theory. These theories provide insight on the strengths and weaknesses of these from Charlie’s case. Biopsychosocial Assessment and Development In orderRead MorePsychosocial Impact Of Childhood Obesity764 Words   |  4 PagesPsychosocial Impact of Childhood Obesity Children who are obese are at risk for a deleterious development of their psychosocial growth. According to Bazyk and Winne (2013), the social impact associated with childhood obesity is as serious as the physical implications. Healthy psychological development in children who are overweight is a critical element of care. Depression, anxiety, bipolar disorder and suicidal ideation have all been associated with children who are overweight (Bazyk WinneRead MoreErikson s Theory Of Social Involvement Across The Entire Lifespan Essay1553 Words   |  7 PagesDuring our lives, everyone goes through a change and evolves in different ways. However, in the field of psychology as far as development, the process of growing and maturing has been previously linked only with childhood. One of the first theorists Erik Erickson felt that development continues throughout life. Erickson believes that each stage in life resembles to specific opportunities that the society might have. Ericksonâ₠¬â„¢s theory defines the impact of social involvement across the entire lifespan

Plot And Action In Twelfth Night By Shakespeare - 1527 Words

Scene 3: Plot and Action (Molià ¨re skillfully uses chopsticks to pick up a small egg roll from his appetizer and drops it as he opens his eyes real big. His pupils dilate and Molià ¨re cracks a small smile as he realizes exactly what topic he wants to discuss next.) Molià ¨re. Since we’re on the subject of discussing your play Twelfth Night, there are a couple of key aspects within the dramaturgy of that play that, to this day, still confuse me. William Shakespeare. And what may those be? Molià ¨re. For starters, in Twelfth Night, there seems to be no unity of time, place, or action. William Shakespeare. Go on. What’s your point? Molià ¨re. My point is that the characters are so unpredictable. They all have their own agendas, each on their†¦show more content†¦Why do you try so hard to create such an intense illusion of love within your play? William Shakespeare. Because, Twelfth Night is about exploring the question, what is the nature of love? Within this exploration, love is exposed as what it truly is, unpredictable. It can be transformative and blissful, or love can also be brief and temporary. Scene 4: Characters (Molià ¨re zones out of the conversation for a split second, being bored and unsatisfied with Shakespeare’s answer. Once he collects himself and regains his concentration, Molià ¨re reenters the conversation.) Molià ¨re. But seriously though, don’t you think it’s hard to follow so many separate storylines, all occurring simultaneously? William Shakespeare. No, I think it adds depth to the characters as well as the plot because their internal conflicts build on their personalities and makes each separate character more relatable. The unpredictability of how each character’s role fits into the overall plotline engages the audience’s minds. It makes the audience more intrigued in finding out how each of the characters’ contrasting plots fit together as a whole. Molià ¨re. But where are your stock characters? In Tartuffe, you can clearly see who’s playing the role of the antagonist and who are playing the role of the protagonist. In my play, Tartuffe is obviously the â€Å"bad guy† in my plot andShow MoreRelatedTwelfth Night Love Essay1610 Words   |  7 Pages William Shakespeare has written a number of romantic comedies. Twelfth Night is one of the finest comedies of the author. Shakespeare is driven by Viola’s decision to voluntarily conceal her identity and go to work as a servant for the lovesick Orsino.This disguise and gender confusion are there in the beginning of the play and finishes with happy ending. This paper tries to ascertain how Viola in Twelfth Night perform her disguise and become an ideal woman of Shakespeare’s own concept. There mayRead MoreThe Twelfth Night: A Happy Ending? Essay1501 Words   |  7 Pagesdegree of expectation with the genre of comedy that despite whatever difficulties appe ar within the play, by the end these will be resolved and the play will have a traditional happy-ending with a marriage or a celebration in the final scene. The â€Å"Twelfth Night† is no exception to this rule. Despite problems of confused identities and sexualities, the play ends with marriage for the major characters because they â€Å"have learned enough about their own foolishness to accept it wisely, and their reward, asRead More Comparing Mistaken Identity in Merchant of Venice, Comedy Errors, Twelfth Night and As You Like It1115 Words   |  5 PagesErrors, Twelfth Night and As You Like It   Ã‚  The ploy of mistaken identity as a plot device in writing comedies dates back at least to the times of the Greeks and Romans in the writings of Menander and Plautus. Shakespeare borrowed the device they introduced and developed it into a fine art as a means of expressing theme as well as furthering comic relief in his works. Shakespeares artistic development is clearly shown in the four comedies The Merchant of Venice, As You Like It, Twelfth NightRead More A Comparison of Romantic Love in A Midsummer Nights Dream, The Tempest, and Twelfth Night1505 Words   |  7 PagesDream, The Tempest, and Twelfth Night In all of Shakespeares plays, there is a definitive style present, a style he perfected. From his very first play (The Comedy of Errors) to his very last (The Tempest), he uses unique symbolism and descriptive poetry to express and explain the actions and events he writes about. Twelfth Night, The Tempest and A Midsummer Nights Dream are all tragicomedies that epitomise the best use of the themes and ideology that Shakespeare puts forth. NaturallyRead MoreThe Twelfth Night - Development of Themes889 Words   |  4 Pagesextended txt you have studied.’ Many say William Shakespeare is the most influential writer in all of English literature with works hailed by Elizabeth I, James I and literary luminaries such as Ben Jonson. Shakespeare wrote the critically acclaimed Twelfth Night in 1601 during the middle of his career. This play incorporates illusion, deception, disguises, madness and shows the extraordinary things that love with cause us to do. Shakespeare cleverly develops the theme of ‘love as a cause of suffering’Read MoreThe Carnivalesque Role of the Fool in Twelfth Night and the Servant of Two Masters1405 Words   |  6 PagesTwelfth Night and The Servant of Two Masters both relate to this course’s theme of the carnivalesque. Both plays share the commonality of having a clown, or a fool; in Twelfth Night it is Feste or the Fool, and in The Servant of Two Masters it is Truffaldino. Both characters play the fool in contrasting ways to express similar yet different forms of the carnivalesque. During carn ival, laughter is prominent; people are laughing together, they are laughing at each other, and they are being laughedRead MoreCommon Features of a Shakespeare Comedy1745 Words   |  7 Pagesof a Shakespeare Comedy What makes a Shakespeare comedy identifiable if the genre is not distinct from the Shakespeare tragedies and histories? This is an ongoing area of debate, but many believe that the comedies share certain characteristics, as described below: * Comedy through language: Shakespeare communicated his comedy through language and his comedy plays are peppered with clever word play, metaphors and insults. 1. Love: The theme of love is prevalent in every Shakespeare comedyRead MoreTwelfth Night2039 Words   |  9 PagesTwelfth Night Twelfth Night is a comedy of light and shade. Its characters are not unreservedly happy and the events are not unreservedly humorous. Discuss. As a comedy, Twelfth Night is obviously intending to not only entertain its audience but also point out problems in society. It is imperative to entire merit of the play not to be realistic but to allow for empathy. Therefor to have a comedy of complete lightheartedness there would be no balance Read MoreShakespeare s Twelfth Night : Gift Exchange, Debt And The Early Modern Matrimonial Economy1321 Words   |  6 Pagesthe ages depicted different sexual orientation and gender identification. The play Twelfth Night made produced by William Shakespeare discusses the topics of sexuality during the early 17th century. The articles Gender Trouble in ‘Twelfth Night by Casey Charles agrees that the main central theme of this play is associated with gender identification and sexuality. However,the article â€Å"Rings and Things† in Twelfth Night:Gift Exchange, Debt and the Early Modern Matrimonial Economy by Stephanie ChamberlainRead MoreEssay about Shakespeares Twelfth Night1780 Words   |  8 Pages Shakespeares Twelfth Night A study of William Shakespeares Twelfth Night, showing how Shakespeares choice of form, structure and language shape meaning Wit, andt be thy will, put me into good fooling! Those wits that think they have thee do very oft prove fools; and I that am sure I lack thee may pass for a wise man. For what says Quinapalus? Better a witty fool than a foolish wit. Shakespeares plays were written to be performed to an audience from different social classes and

Malaysia-Singapore Raltions Free Essays

ABSTRACT Malaysia and Singapore have a unique and special relation due to the geography, ideology history, culture, , economy, politics and ethnicity factors. Even though with the unique and special factors, its sometimes create tensions between both countries. However, it is said that the relations between both countries have evolved from an inherently unstable into a more mature and positive relationship. We will write a custom essay sample on Malaysia-Singapore Raltions or any similar topic only for you Order Now This paper will be discussing the current major conflict issue which distressing relationship between both countries and also the resolve issue. This paper also will analyse the relationship during various Prime Minister and their foreign policy towards each other’s. Finally it will discuss why the relationship becomes warmer and the factor that influence the positive relationship. INTRODUCTION Singapore merged with Malaya, Sabah and Sarawak to form the Federation of Malaysia in 1963. However, this political union proved to be short-lived as Singapore was ousted from the Federation in 1965 due to political and ethnic differences. This failed political union, and the resulting stigma of separation has continued to cast a shadow over Singapore-Malaysia’s bilateral ties. Furthermore, due to the geographical proximity between these two states, bilateral problems are prone to exaggeration by both sides, often a case of â€Å"virtuous self and the stereotypical other†. Malaysia and Singapore relations are unique and special due to factors such as geography, history, politics, ideology, economy, culture and ethnicity. These factors sometimes have created tensions between both countries. The uniqueness of the relationship is reflected by the various terms used to describe the state of rivalry between the two countries such as â€Å"Siamese twins†, â€Å"sibling rivalry† or â€Å"family quarrel†, suggesting a complex love-hate relationship that has grown out of a shared common history and cultural background, coloured by political differences and, ironically, by economic competition and interdependency. DISPUTES AND SOLUTIONS KERETAPI TANAH MELAYU (KTM) – In 1990, Malaysia and Singapore had signed an agreement concerning Tanjong Pagar railway station. Malaysia had agreed to relocate the station to Bukit Timah to allowed development of the land that located in the premium area. On 24 May 2010, a meeting between Malaysian Prime Minister Najib Razak and his Singaporean counterpart Lee Hsien Loong in Singapore resolved the relocation issue. They announced that Malaysia’s national railway company Keretapi Tanah Melayu Berhad (KTM) will be move out from Tanjong Pagar railway station and establish a station at the Woodlands Train Checkpoint (WTCP) by 1 July 2011. Malaysia also will relocate its customs, immigration and quarantine facilities from Tanjong Pagar to the WTCP to ensure the systematic and integrated border crossing facility between Malaysia and Singapore . A joint holding company (60 % Malaysia ownership, 40 % Singapore) will then develop the abandoned KTM properties. WATER SUPPLY – Malaysia provides Singapore with about half its water. On 1 September 1961, the Federation of Malaya signed an agreement giving Singapore the right to draw up to 86 million imperial gallons (390,000 m3) of water per day with effect through 2011. On 29 September 1962, a further agreement was signed providing Singapore the right to draw up to 250 million imperial gallons (1,100,000 m3) per day from the Johore River, with effect through 2061. Both agreements stipulated the price of RM 0. 03 per 1,000 gallons. In turn, the Johor Government pays Singapore RM 0. 50 for every 1000 gallons of treated water. On 31 August 2011, the 1961 water agreement expired and the waterworks and facilities were handed over to the Johor state government. The handover included the Skudai and Gunung Pulai water treatment plants, which were built and managed by Public Utilities Board (PUB) for 50 years, as well as two pump houses in Pontian and Tebrau . JOHOR-SINGAPORE CAUSEWAY- The state of Johor currently already has developed ports including Pasir Gudang and Tanjong Pelapas. Under the former Mahathir administration, the Malaysian government scheduled to build a new customs, immigration and quarantine complex on a hilltop near the Johor Bahru railway station. A bridge is planned to link the new customs complex with the city square. The proposals on replacing the old causeway with a new bridge have resulted in a political rift between the two countries since the early 2000s. Singapore has hinted that it might agree to a bridge if its air force is allowed to use part of Johor’s airspace. Malaysia refused the offer and negotiation is said to be still on going. In September 2003, Malaysia first announced its intention to replace its half of the Causeway with a new bridge. On 5 January 2004, Singapore’s Foreign Minister Prof Jayakumar commented that it did not make sense for Singapore to replace its half of the bridge with a new bridge, as it would cost, along with revisions to customs, immigration and quarantine facilities, more than $500 million. On 2 February 2004, Malaysia said it would present Singapore with a new design for the proposed bridge to replace the Causeway, as Malaysia is still interested in building the new bridge. However, in September 2004, Malaysian Prime Minister Abdullah Badawi announced that Malaysia would defer the half-bridge project as part of its effort to pare down its huge fiscal deficit by deferring big ticket projects. In April 2006, Abdullah Badawi announced that Malaysia would drop the half-bridge project altogether. PEDRA BRANCA (PULAU BATU PUTIH) – On 21 December 1979 Malaysia published a new map which showed the island to be within its territorial waters. This ignited a 29-year territorial dispute which, together with the issue of sovereignty over the nearby maritime features of Middle Rocks and South Ledge, this disputes was presented to the International Court of Justice (ICJ) for resolution. On 23 May 2008 the ICJ ruled that Pedra Branca is under Singapore’s sovereignty. THE CENTRAL PROVIDENT FUND (CPF) issue has still not been resolved after many years. It is hoped that the Malaysian Government will pursue the long standing issue pertaining to the dilemma of Malaysians who have left the republic for more than a decade and are still unable to withdraw their CPF savings. Under the present CPF withdrawal regulations, Malaysians from Peninsular Malaysia are only able to withdraw their CPF savings at the age of 50 if they have not been working in the republic for the last two years. The CPF law on withdrawal seems to discriminate against Malaysians from Peninsular Malaysia as other foreigners, including Malaysians from Sabah and Sarawak, are allowed full withdrawal of their CPF savings when they leave Singapore. Land Reclamations Issue – Singapore had extensively conducted the land reclamation activity within its territorial water. Plans for the Tekong reclamation project were made publicly available since 1991, and for the Tuas project, since 2001. Until January 2002 there is no objection from neighbouring country. However in 2002 Malaysia had objected the activity. After that, Malaysia embarked on two legal tracks to stop Singapore’s land reclamation works. First, on 4 July 2003, Malaysia served notice to Singapore that it wanted arbitration to decide whether Singapore has the right to reclaim the land off Tuas and Pulau Tekong. This arbitration tribunal, comprising five members agreed on by both sides, was formed on 9 Oct 2003. Then, on 5 September 2003 Malaysia applied separately to the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS) for an order on provisional measures, seeking to put an immediate stop to Singapore’s reclamation works pending the setting up of the arbitration panel. The hearing took place between 25 and 27 Sep 03 in Hamburg, Germany. On 8 Oct 2003, ITLOS unanimously decided that Singapore could continue its land reclamation activities. In April 2005, Singapore and Malaysia formally ended the reclamation dispute by signing a settlement agreement. FACTORS AFFECTING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MALAYSIA AND SINGAPORE Looking at the leadership style of both Prime Minister after the independent of Singapore, there is a high and low relationship which creating the foreign policy towards both countries. We can observed during the Tunku Abdul Rahman, Tun Abdul Razak and also Tun Hussein Onn, the relationship is calm and interdependent towards each other. During this era also, Mr Lee Kuan Yew as the Prime Minister His leadership style have a strong influence in the manner of bilateral issue between both countries. He is serious in dealing with the issue and also influence by his past experience and the pre and post separation political baggage. To show the difficulties in the relationship, Singapore first Deputy Prime Minister Mr Lee Hsien Loong says: â€Å" its relationship with Malaysia is one of its important and complex foreign relation† And Tun Mahathir also had a remark that saying: it’s impossible to be friendly with Singapore because of the neighbouring city states unfriendliness towards Malaysia. Singapore gets into that kind of mood that they reject anything that comes from Malaysia. We try to be friendly as possible but it’s impossible† Relations with Singapore under Mahathir’s tenure have been stormy. Many disputed issues raised during his administration have not been resolved. Many of the se international issues have been raised up under Mahathir’s Premiership term, but no significant headway had been made then to resolve them bilaterally. Both sides had stubbornly refused to compromise, with the result of bilateral relations turning frosty. Tun Abdullah Haji Ahmad Badawi became the fifth Prime Minister in 2003 and he was Dr Mahathir’s choice. Since Abdullah Badawi took over, bilateral relations between Singapore and Malaysia have undergone a sea change. Part of it was due to Abdullah warm personality, non-confrontational, consensus-seeking characters and sincere attempts to improve ties together with his policy are to give in to almost every request, and relations have begun to thaw. And this was reciprocated by Singapore leaders, as reflected in the flow of many senior Singaporean leaders to the funeral of Datin Seri Endon, Mr Abdullah’s latewife – which certainly went beyond the call of protocol. During Pak Lah era, few discussion has been made such as the causeway issue, air space issue and also the KTM land in Tanjong Pagar. They are trying to resolve the issue through the win-win situation. When Dato’ Seri Najib taking over the Prime Minister of Malaysia, the relationship is grow warming. The effort of Najib in clearing major bilateral issue concerning both countries make that relation becoming more mature and good. Since the effort of clearing the implementation of the point of agreement (POA) which had been negotiated and agreed upon in 1990 which involved the KTM land in Tanjung Pagar that cleared in 2010, more bilateral relationship and opportunities is open. WARMING TIES BETWEEN MALAYSIA AND SINGAPORE There is several issue and factors that make the relationship between Malaysia Nad Singapore becoming warmer. The economic factor is one of the most important relations and always had a high degree of inter dependence. Malaysia and Singapore have been each other’s main trading partners for many years. Data from Malaysia’s Department of Statistics, for instance, show that bilateral trade between Malaysia and Singapore was valued at RM175. 5bil last year, up from RM161. 7bil in 2011. Malaysia remains Singapore’s largest trading partner, while Singapore is Malaysia’s second largest trading partner after China. Malaysia and Singapore economic interdependence is just not reflected in the bilateral trade only, it also involving the investment in both countries. From the data tabled by the Malays Malaysian Industrial Development Authority show that Singapore remains one of the top investors in the country, with total value of approved projects standing at RM2. 2bil last year, down slightly from RMRM2. 5bil in 2011 because of the global economic weakness. Singapore’s investments in Malaysia are mainly concentrated in the manufacturing sector. Recently, the development of Iskandar had attracted the Singapore investors and that had make their investor is the largest single group of investor there which accounting about 17% of the total money invested there. In the other sides, Malaysia investors also actively invested in Singapore. It had been showed with involvement Malaysian company like YTL Corp, SP Setia and Selangor Dredging in real estate business, Maybank in financial sector, Axiata Group in telecommunication and also Genting Berhad in the leisure and hospitality sector. The government investment arm from both country namely Khazanah from Malaysia and Temasek from Singapore also had form a joint venture in developing the commercial land parcels in Singapore such as Marina South and Ophir-Ophir . In Iskandar they are also establishing the joint venture company to invest in two wellness related project with a gross development value of RM 3b. To increase connectivity between both countries, few projects has been agreed and initiated. The extension of MRT from Singapore to Johore Bharu is planned to be built to reduce the traffic congestion in both entrance in Singapore and Malaysia. The High Speed Train from Kuala Lumpur to Singapore also planned to reduce travel time to 90 minutes. This infrastructure development also will increase the economic development in the area. In security and defence matters, both states share a serious concern over the emergence of JI in the region. They have coordinated on police work and intelligence sharing, and even synchronized the initial arrests of JI members in December 2001. JI members were imprisoned in both countries under the Internal Security Act (ISA), which both Malaysia and Singapore patterned after the British law that allows for detention without trial for up to two years for supposedly dangerous suspects. Also, both countries have put pressure on Indonesia to take a more active role in confronting the terrorism problem. In the military, several bilateral exercise and operation is conducted to reduce the crime in Straits of Malacca, Eyes in The Sky Operation is jointly conducted to scout the strait for pirates. The flights are undertaken by crews with nationals from the different countries so they can better share information. Intelligence gathered on pirates is also disseminated among governments, including on a Web-based network for quick and easy access. These actions, taken together, made it far more costly and difficult for the pirates to operate. Both military forces also involve in the Five Power Defence Arrangement that are a series of defence relationships established by a series of bilateral agreements between the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, Malaysia and Singapore signed in 1971, whereby the five states will consult each other in the event of external aggression or threat of attack against Peninsular Malaysia (East Malaysia is not included as part of the area of responsibilities under the FPDA) or Singapore. FACTORS THAT MAKES THE RELATIONSHIP GROWING TIES The first factor is the leadership role and function. With the new eneration of leader ship which is the second generation of previous leader, Najib is son of Tun Abd Razak and Lee Hsien Loong is son of Lee Kuan Yew, they are trying actively to resolve the bilateral issue of both countries. With the new generation thinking they realised the interdependence both country each many matters. The second factor economic interdependence which shows that both countr y are main trading partner each other. Malaysia also inviting the investors from Singapore to invest in the economic development project initiate in many region in Malaysia such as IRDA, ECER and also NCER. The encouragement by both governments through their public and private sector to collaborate with their counterpart shows there relationship will going stronger. The third factor is massive people to people contact which encouraging tourist from both countries visiting each other will develop this contact. This will created necessary goodwill and tolerance among others. This also had been expanded through sport activity which we can see that the football team from both countries is participating in the league. CONCLUSION We can conclude that due to their historical, cultural linkages and their geographical proximity Malaysia and Singapore had enjoyed and share a special relationship. The issue and challenge between each other had brought a god point for both countries to sit down and discussing the way to move forward. Both of the leaders are aware the important of each other in many factors. Both new generation leaders is trying hard to improve the relationship with each other’s even though there is a few issue that not resolve yet. But their mutual agreement in developing economic sector each other shows the positive prospect towards very warm relationship. Both leaders also seem in the same view in settling issue through win-win situation and compromise. With the realisation by the leaders in win-win situation and compromising each other, it may lead towards prosperous relationship in the future. It’s the leader and their foreign policy which is determining the future of these relations. Thus, the leader should take every effort to ensure the warming of the relationship is preserve to ensure the mutual benefits. The security and military activities is to be enhanced to ensure the safety of both countries. With the firm security the development of economy can be planned and develop towards higher level. With the interest of Singapore investors in IRDA is high, it is not possible Singapore will extend the security watch in the area to ensure safety of their investment. Thus this will benefit both countries towards long and warm relationship. Despite all the bilateral issue, it is observed that, both country is dependant each other in economy, social, and also security aspect. With that the warming relations that initiated by both the new generation leader is a good step towards more close relation. 3117 words Reference: Ganesan, 2005, p. 58 Rusdi Omar, et. al. (2005). Hubungan Malaysia-Singapura Era Mahathir. Sintok: Penerbit Universiti Utara Malaysia. p. 2. Joint statement by Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong and Prime Minister Dato’ Sri Mohd Najib Tun Abdul Razak at the Singapore-Malaysia Leaders’ Retreat on 24 May 2010, 24 May 2010, , retrieved 2010-05-25 Water Conflicts Between Malaysia and Singapore. Wikipedia the Free Encyclopedia Star. (1999). June 5. p. -2. 1961 water agreement with Johor expires on Wednesday. The Straits Times. 14 October 2011 â€Å"Johor-Singapore Causeway†. Wikipedia Rusdi Omar. 2007. Malaysia-Singapore Relations: Issues and Strategies. Working paper presented at the International Conference on Southeast Asia in 3-4 December 2007 at University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia M’sia Stops Construction O f Bridge To Replace Johor Causeway. Prime Minister’s Office, Malaysia. 12 April 2006. Pedra Branca, Singapore. Wikipedia Solve CPF Withdrawal Issue With Singapore. The Star Online. 12 November 2008 Kyodo News. (2005). Singapore and Malaysia resolve land reclamation dispute. April 26. http://www. channelnewsasia. com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/144527/1/. html Rusdi Omar, Mohd Ainuddin; Mas Juliana Mukhtarudin. 2005. Malaysia-Singapore Relations During Mahathir’s Era. Sintok, Kedah: UUM News Straits Time. (2003). May 5. p. 22. Asian Economic News. (2002). Oct 14. p. 19 Malaysia’s Foreign Relations: Issues and Challenges. Ruhanas Harun. Page 24 The Star (2013) Mac 16 Malaysia-Singapore Relations: Never Mind the Rhetoric . Anthony L. Smith. October 2004 ——————————————– 1 ]. Ganesan, 2005, p. 58 [ 2 ]. Rusdi Omar, et. al. (2005). Hubungan Malaysia-Singapura Era Mahathir. Sintok: Penerbit Universiti Utara Malaysia. p. 2. [ 3 ]. Joint statement by Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong and Prime Minister Dato’ Sri Mohd Najib Tun Abdul Razak at the Singapore-Malaysia Leaders’ R etreat on 24 May 2010, 24 May 2010, , retrieved 2010-05-25 [ 4 ]. Water Conflicts Between Malaysia and Singapore. Wikipedia the Free Encyclopedia [ 5 ]. Star. (1999). June 5. p. 1-2. [ 6 ]. 1961 water agreement with Johor expires on Wednesday. The Straits Times. 14 October 2011 [ 7 ]. Johor-Singapore Causeway†. Wikipedia [ 8 ]. Rusdi Omar. 2007. Malaysia-Singapore Relations: Issues and Strategies. Working paper presented at the International Conference on Southeast Asia in 3-4 December 2007 at University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia [ 9 ]. M’sia Stops Construction Of Bridge To Replace Johor Causeway. Prime Minister’s Office, Malaysia. 12 April 2006. [ 10 ]. Pedra Branca, Singapore. Wikipedia [ 11 ]. Solve CPF Withdrawal Issue With Singapore. The Star Online. 12 November 2008 [ 12 ]. Kyodo News. (2005). Singapore and Malaysia resolve land reclamation dispute. April 26. http://www. channelnewsasia. com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/144527/1/. html [ 13 ]. Rusdi Omar, Mohd Ainuddin Mas Juliana Mukhtarudin. 2005. Malaysia-Singapore Relations During Mahathir’s Era. Sintok, Kedah: UUM [ 14 ]. News Straits Time. (2003). May 5. p. 22. [ 15 ]. Asian Economic News. (2002). Oct 14. p. 19. [ 16 ]. Malaysia’s Foreign Relations: Issues and Challenges. Ruhanas Harun. Page 24 [ 17 ]. The Star (2013) Mac 16 [ 18 ]. Ibid [ 19 ]. The Star (2013) Mac 16 [ 20 ]. Ibid [ 21 ]. Malaysia-Singapore Relations: Never Mind the Rhetoric . Anthony L. Smith. October 2004 How to cite Malaysia-Singapore Raltions, Papers

What lives in art and is eternally living, is first of all the painter, and then the painting Essay Example For Students

What lives in art and is eternally living, is first of all the painter, and then the painting Essay Expressionism is an art form in which the very style itself and the symbols that the artist uses are meant to express his innermost feelings on the subject. Vincent van Gogh has often been hailed as the quintessential expressionist painter. His artwork covers a range of moods over the years, and his canvases are almost mirrors into his troubled soul. Vincent van Gogh lived a troubled life. He once described his childhood as cold, gloomy and sterile. He alienated himself from his parents and siblings by being a stubborn and reclusive child. He was clumsy, uncommunicative, and lived an early life of solitude, being misunderstood by his own family. The only sibling he had any sort of close relationship with was his brother, Theo. He would later be Vincents biggest supporter, both moral and financial, during the formative years of his unsuccessful career in art. As the young Vincent grew up, he realized that art was his calling in life. He decided that he would paint and make a living off his sales. Ironically, though his paintings may sell for millions todayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦van Gogh actually sold only one painting in his lifetime, and this, for the meager cost of 40 francs. We will write a custom essay on What lives in art and is eternally living, is first of all the painter, and then the painting specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Van Goghs problems were numerous. First of all, he just didnt have the social skills to be happy in his personal life. He had a few disastrous relationships with women before sinking deep into solitude and depression. His paintings during his troubled romances and the ensuing heartbreaks are filled with darkness and pain, reflecting his inner sorrow. Secondly, while Vincents paintings were indisputably brilliant, he simply didnt have the interpersonal skills to make any sales! The legend has it that he actually used to argue with buyers who praised them, trying to convince them forcefully that his work was not remarkably good! He was an extremely modest man, perhaps overly so. He signed all of his works with simply Vincent, never adding the surname. His numerous personal failures are arguably evident in his works at the time. His inability to find companionship and his constant dependence on Theo for financial support depressed him considerably. In his portraits of people and his scenes during this period, one could argue that the lines and the somber expressions on the faces are practically screaming replicas of van Goghs own discontent in life. His scenes are dark and hopeless, with few random splashes of light. This combination of personal shortcomings led to van Goghs stints with being an assistant teacher and a bookseller. He failed miserably in both cases. His parents, frustrated with supporting their failure of a son, begged him to become a minister. He entered into Theology, but soon realized that he lacked the ability to learn the math and foreign languages necessary. Nonetheless, he did eventually enter an evangelical school, and went on to become a local priest in Brussels. Van Gogh drew new inspiration from working with the poor peasant class in Brussels. While he found it extremely difficult to communicate his religious viewpoints to them, he was a saint in other ways. He was known to give away his own sparse clothing and money to help them. He became fascinated by their plight, but somehow, living with them began to draw him down to their level. Their harsh living conditions and suffering made him lose faith in religion. In effect, ironically, his congregation converted him! At this point in time, he became fascinated by their charcoal drawings and by scenes of everyday life in utter poverty. One of his most acclaimed paintings from this period is The Potato Eaters. This depicts a set of elderly people during the Great Potato Famine in Ireland. .uc2c3b845ec863530a209f6f3bc02c576 , .uc2c3b845ec863530a209f6f3bc02c576 .postImageUrl , .uc2c3b845ec863530a209f6f3bc02c576 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc2c3b845ec863530a209f6f3bc02c576 , .uc2c3b845ec863530a209f6f3bc02c576:hover , .uc2c3b845ec863530a209f6f3bc02c576:visited , .uc2c3b845ec863530a209f6f3bc02c576:active { border:0!important; } .uc2c3b845ec863530a209f6f3bc02c576 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc2c3b845ec863530a209f6f3bc02c576 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc2c3b845ec863530a209f6f3bc02c576:active , .uc2c3b845ec863530a209f6f3bc02c576:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc2c3b845ec863530a209f6f3bc02c576 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc2c3b845ec863530a209f6f3bc02c576 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc2c3b845ec863530a209f6f3bc02c576 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc2c3b845ec863530a209f6f3bc02c576 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc2c3b845ec863530a209f6f3bc02c576:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc2c3b845ec863530a209f6f3bc02c576 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc2c3b845ec863530a209f6f3bc02c576 .uc2c3b845ec863530a209f6f3bc02c576-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc2c3b845ec863530a209f6f3bc02c576:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: A Reflection on Renaissance Art EssayThe colours are dark and dreary greys, blues, greens and browns, and they are sharing a sparse meal of potatoes and broth. One can almost see van Goghs sympathy for these people. The painting is so emotionally chargedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. it is as though he has become one of them, and entered into their suffering himself. Vincent returned to his childhood home after a while, to live with his family again. There, he fell deeply in love with a cousin. The feelings were not reciprocated, and the relationship was doomed to failure. When his father, a deeply religious man, found out about van Goghs incestuous tendencies, the result was a father-son rift that was never resolved. Once again, van Gogh entered into a period of deep personal depression. Even looking at his self-portraits throughout the years, his sufferings are evident. His face is sallow, his mouth droops, his jaw is set, and his eyes are sunken. His apparel is always brown or very dark in colour. Clearly, this is not a happy man. As van Gogh continued into his late 20s and early 30, his life only grew worse. He moved to Paris, where he befriended fellow artist Gaugin. Once again, though, Vincents personal problems and inability to forge normal, lasting interpersonal relationships led to a massive fight with Gaugin. This was the fight that left van Gogh feeling so angry and hurt that he cut off his own ear in a fit of rage. How can one not say that he is a true expressionist when one sees the tragedy of his Self Portrait with Bandaged Ear and Pipe? Theo van Gogh heard of his brothers erratic act, and had Vincent institutionalized in Arles in 1888. In the asylum, van Gogh painted more than seventy artworks, stemming from his psychological viewpoints and frustration and depression in his life at this moment. Cutting his ear off was only the beginning of his psychotic episodes. In retrospect, it seems as though van Goghs emotional outbreaks occurred prior to any perceived threats to his relationships with people he cared about. For example, he had a breakdown after the fight with Gaugin. He had another upon Theos engagement Vincent thought marriage would take his brother away from him and yet another at the wedding. Predictably, with increasing psychiatric problems and personal unhappiness, van Goghs expressionist talents were at their prime. Paintings such as Wheat Field with Crows 1890 reflected mottled feelings of optimism characterized by bright and garish yellows and oranges and deep despair and hopelessness as seen in the navy skies and black crow symbols. Vincent did suffer from bipolar disorder, which caused him to vary between a manic state and a deep depressive state, so his artistic ambivalence is not surprising. Only a few days after completing this painting, van Gogh was dead. On July 27, 1890, he shot himself in the stomach and died. As he said to his beloved brother, Theo, near the end of his turbulent life I feel a failure. Thats it as far as Im concerned I feel that this is the destiny that I accept, that will never change. Vincent van Goghs life was a tragedyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦a sad legacy of thousands of paintings and sketches which all tell his life story. In the beautiful and intense colours of works like Sunflowers, Haystacks, Wheatfield with Cypresses, Almond Branches in Blossom and Irisesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦is it not possible to see a glimmer of hope for a mad genius? Look at the vivid yellow and red-orange hues. It is as though these are pictures of what he wants in his life. Colourà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. representing happiness, love, freedom? An escape from his borderline insanity, perhaps. Then, in works like Prisoners Exercising, Peasant Woman with the Yellow Straw Hat, La Berceuse and The Potato Eaters, we are given a dark insight into the world of the poor and oppressed. His colours are ambivalentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ranging from bright flowers and cornfields to the dark lines etched into the troubled faces of his subjects. .u4aa7dc1e67004a97339c539d43619b21 , .u4aa7dc1e67004a97339c539d43619b21 .postImageUrl , .u4aa7dc1e67004a97339c539d43619b21 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u4aa7dc1e67004a97339c539d43619b21 , .u4aa7dc1e67004a97339c539d43619b21:hover , .u4aa7dc1e67004a97339c539d43619b21:visited , .u4aa7dc1e67004a97339c539d43619b21:active { border:0!important; } .u4aa7dc1e67004a97339c539d43619b21 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u4aa7dc1e67004a97339c539d43619b21 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u4aa7dc1e67004a97339c539d43619b21:active , .u4aa7dc1e67004a97339c539d43619b21:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u4aa7dc1e67004a97339c539d43619b21 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u4aa7dc1e67004a97339c539d43619b21 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u4aa7dc1e67004a97339c539d43619b21 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u4aa7dc1e67004a97339c539d43619b21 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u4aa7dc1e67004a97339c539d43619b21:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u4aa7dc1e67004a97339c539d43619b21 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u4aa7dc1e67004a97339c539d43619b21 .u4aa7dc1e67004a97339c539d43619b21-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u4aa7dc1e67004a97339c539d43619b21:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Essay Example: Baroque ArtIn others, the entire scene is grey and dull, showing how far into the suffering of his subjects Vincent has allowed himself to sink. In his final years, van Gogh created some of his most acclaimed works. Starry Night, Starry Night Above the Rhone, and Wheatfield with Crows. These paintings were awash with vivid, dark blues, glittering yellow-white stars, black birds in a turbulent sky, and bright corn growing in a field of gold. These pre-suicidal masterpieces are van Goghs snapshot of a disease. Earlier in his life, he painted his own room-Bedroomà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. he empty chairs and the colours used blue walls, brown and green mottled floor re flected the early signs of his social isolation and perhaps, the onslaught of his psychiatric disorder. Hence, it was only expected that he would leave us with a picture of the final stages of his battle with manic-depression. His final paintings spoke of deep, deep anguish and sadness. His life had been a failure. Yet at the same time, they glowed with the yellows and reds of his maniaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦that undying spark of madness and genius that dwelled within. Vincent van Gogh transcribed his emotions onto canvas throughout a brief and troubled life. He is the epitome of expressionism, and will live on as such for generations to come. Well, even in that deep misery I felt my energy revive, and I said to myself: in spite of everything I shall rise again, I will take up my pencil, which I have forsaken in great discouragement, and I will go on with my drawing, and from that moment everything has seemed transformed in me. -Vincent van Gogh, 1886 On his drive to paint, even in the midst of despair

Black History essays

Black History essays In American history periodic acts of violent resistance by black slaves during more than two centuries of chattel slavery signifying continual deep-rooted discontent with the condition of bondage and resulting in ever more stringent mechanisms for social control and repression in slaveholding areas. This historic decision was to stimulate a mass movement on the blacks and white sympathizers to try to end the segregationist practices and racial inequalities that were firmly entrenched across the nation and particularly in the south. American abolitionists realized the failure of gradualism and persuasion, and they subsequently turned to a more militant policy demanding immediate abolition by law. The best known abolitionist was the aggressive agitator William Lloyd Garrison founder of the American Anti-Slavery Society. The Abolition Movement in western Europe and the Americans, was the movement chiefly responsible for creating the emotional climate necessary for ending the transatlantic slave trade and chattel slavery (Berlin, 90). The Middle Passage supplied the New World with its major work force and brought enormous profits to international slave traders. At the same time, it exacted a terrible price in physical and emotional anguish on the part of the up rooted Africans, it was distinguished by the callousness to human sufferings it developed among the traders Portugal, and France(Marble, 125). The Middles Passage male slaves were kept constantly shacked to each other or to the deck to prevent mutiny of which 55 recorded between 1699 and 1845.Deaths during the Middle Passage caused by epidemics, suicide, fixed melancholy, and mutiny, have been estimated at 13 percent. So many bodies of deed or dying Africans were jesttisoned into the ocean that sharks regularly followed the slave ships on their westward journey(Marble, 128-130). The Underground Railroad in the United States, was a system exis...

The Definition of Subject Matter for Inventions and Patents

The Definition of Subject Matter for Inventions and Patents Definition: Subject matter is what something is about. In artwork, the subject matter would be what the artist has chosen to paint, draw or sculpt. In patent law, the subject matter would be the technical content of a patent or patent application found in the description, claims, and drawings. In other words, the subject matter is what the inventor has chosen to invent, and in a patent application, the inventor must reveal the subject matter (invention) in a way dictated by law. Examples: Example 1 The specification must conclude with a claim particularly pointing out and distinctly claiming the subject matter which the applicant regards as his invention or discovery. Example 2 The distinction between patentable and unpatentable subject matter continues to be a topic of debate among software developers, academics, lawyers, and USPTO examiners. Example 3 The patented subject matter and additional subject matter still pending in the US and foreign patent offices includes claims to methods and devices for delivering medicinal substances to the interior of cells in various body tissues

American Government assignment three Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

American Government assignment three - Essay Example 205). Perhaps the most interesting aspect of the media exposure given to politicians is the negative advertisement used in negative campaigning. While this form of publicity – highlighting the negative aspects of an opposition candidate rather than merely proposing positive principles and intentions – is unacceptable to some, and even considered immoral, it has become very much a part of the political landscape. It is also not only restricted to the mainstream: Party websites, blogs, public video platforms, even social networking sites were all used in the latest American Presidential elections. Since newsworthy events rely on conflict, it is so that the more negative aspects of campaigning and the candidates’ actions and histories are published more readily. While the coverage of the President is perhaps generally more circumspect (Gitelson, Dudley, and Dubnick, publication date: pp. 265-269) politicians campaigning for office cannot escape the negative news that may emerge from the media. Given the freedom of the press and the freedom of speech that are such cornerstones of the US Constitution, it must be asserted that while negative advertising is perhaps not tasteful or even valuable in gaining votes, it should not be regulated or prevented. Political life is public, and the people who enter it should be able to stand up to public scrutiny on all

Case study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 17

Case Study Example The other cause was the statement by the apprentices that they never felt that they were learning anything and were preparing to leave. The apprentices did not do any meaningful work apart from chopping and cutting things, sweeping and mopping the floor. The other reason is that Hank, the banquet chef failed to meet with her and discuss her work schedule as had been promised. The action proved the statements from the other apprentices. The leadership and the management of Shady Lane Inn played a big role in the negative perception of Marietta concerning the company in various ways. First, they did not follow the training schedule and did not review the apprentices journals. The management did not supervise the apprentices as seen when Hank left Marietta with the others and arrived very rate. The leaders are not trustworthy from the way they do not review their apprentices work as they promised, which make them stay there longer than anticipated. The management of the company also lacks honesty, a fact displayed when Hank forces Marietta to have a positive attitude towards the company for her to stay longer. The steps that were necessary for Marietta to have a positive attitude are good supervision for instance Hank should have given her work himself instead of leaving her in the hands of the other apprentices. The apprentices should have explained to Marietta on the method to slice the onions instead of waiting until she was half way. Hank should have made an effort to meet Marietta as promised to create a good relationship and a sense of commitment. Shady Lane Company should do a number of things to avoid creating a negative attitude to the future apprentices by employing responsible managers for supervisory work. The top leaders should always make a follow-up ensure that the other managers are doing their work perfectly. The company management should analyse the apprentices views and their feelings about the company and

Analysis of LAP and Modified LAP

Analysis of LAP and Modified LAP 1. Critically review a test item that you have designed for inclusion in an assessment instrument It is nearly two decades since the St Vincent Declaration (1989) called for a marked reduction in morbidity with diabetes related problems to be achieved through better patient management. The available evidence suggests that the process of care in Britain is still very variable in quality. (J. Mason, 1999) et al. conducted trial on diabetes foot care, and provided an important message that vigilant and trained health care professionals can identify the emerging risk factors for ulceration at relatively low cost. The National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE 2004) clinical guideline on type 2 diabetes foot care on the prevention and management of foot problems recommends that healthcare professionals and other personnel involved in the assessment of diabetic feet should receive adequate training. Hence, it is imperative that the Diabetes Specialist Registrars [SPR], the future diabetologists, who look after diabetic feet in the community and secondary care, should be trained and adequately assessed if they want to make an impact on patient outcomes. Thus, the need arises for a training CME [Continued Medical Education] day for the management of diabetes foot and assessment before they treat patients with these problems. The main aim of the assessment is to optimize the capabilities of all learners and practitioners by providing motivation and direction for future learning. The assessment has to be formative in this case guiding future learning by providing reassurance, promoting reflection and shaping values. At the end of the training day (Appendix 2) the plan is to conduct a modified, observed, long case type of assessment tool with 3-4 items and knowledge based assessment. One such item an observed modified long case is described in Appendix 1. The plan to use a real case is to illustrate the some of the day to day difficulties and uncertainties one faces during clinical judgement. The time breakdown is to prepare them for thinking about various aspects in given time. They are assessed in different generic skills as well as speciality knowledge and management of the case. Appendix 1 [page 24-26] Properties Even though it is used as an item here, the long case has traditionally been used as a summative tool by itself in the past and its properties in those situations have been studied extensively. Hence, the properties like reliability and validity have been discussed briefly with others of the items such as facility. The reliability of a long case can be improved by structuring the long case i.e. elements of discussion and questioning (Olson et al 2000, Wass and Jolly 2001). Thus observation and structuring is applied here to improve the reliability. This increases student perception of fairness. Validity This can be addressed by introduction of examiners who observe trainee performance throughout and so the trainee is observed by the team in all parts of the long case out here (Olson et al 2000). Facility It could be made low facility depending on the complexity of the case. Discrimination is not really applicable since it will be used as part of formative tool but can be made into a highly discriminatory one by following global assessment. The other properties of the assessment tool are not discussed as it is used mainly as an item. Item Response Theory This is not discussed here as it is mainly used in the context of Multiple Choice Questions. There is not much in the literature about the strengths and weaknesses of the long case when used as an item in a formative assessment tool. So here is an attempt to look at both the positive aspects and potential drawbacks of this item should this be used in the context of this formative assessment. The positive aspects of this item Observed Modified Long Case Holistic and Robust This item in the long case is real and looks at competency and some aspects of performance. Multidisciplinary Approach mimics how the clinics are conducted in most hospitals and assess candidates knowledge across specialities. Written and Verbal Constructive feedback Ende (1983) proposed that the process of feedback should be expected and well timed, based on first hand data (observable behaviour) and regulated in quantity. In a systematic review by Best Evidence in Medical Education (BEME) collaboration (Veloski, et al., 2006) the positive impact of the feedback process was confirmed, with the most marked effects if provided by an authoritative source. These principles are strictly followed in this item. The method of feedback can be either Pendleton or ALOBA- Agenda-Led Outcome Based Analysis. Some of the potential drawbacks of this item-How they can be overcome Risk of assessing the short term memory This argument stems from the fact that the assessment is done just after the CME program as suggested. Based on Bligh (2000), the above graph, demonstrates the retention power if tested early after the learning experience. Hence the argument: the item should be administered immediately after the CME to increase retention. Resources and Standardisation The number of people including specialists involved and the organisation will require resources, including money, but some of the funding could be organised by the educational fund for the SPR in the region. Some contribution can be arranged from other sources including pharmaceutical company help. Since it is a formative assessment tool, it need not be rigidly standardised in assessment and it is to promote the professional development of the SPRs. Why rigid time limits and not just global assessment? This rigid structure is to give an opportunity for each of specialists to have an opportunity to observe and feed back. In real life, the time spent on each task may be different but giving stringent time limits also gives the opportunity to observe how the candidates perform within these time constraints. The global assessment is avoided so that the feedback component needs to be broken down to each level to make sense and promote specific areas for improvement. Bias Since some of the examiners and experts would have taught these SPRs in the course there may be bias from these examiners after observing the candidates interaction over a day and might want them to do well or otherwise in the assessment. This can be avoided by formal training of the examiners. Organisational consideration The main difficulty will be getting the team of assessors together as given in the item and making sure they are trained in giving constructive feedback to the candidates. Getting a real life patient to participate in such a scenario might not be difficult as patients are often happy to share their experiences. CONCLUSIONS If used in conjunction with variety of other items, perhaps it can be used as a cog in the wheel of summative assessment for the high stake assessment e.g. as a part of portfolio in final year Rotation In Training Assessment [RITA]. It fulfils the learning objectives of the course and what the item intends to measure. This item also comes close to what is usually measured in items of work place based assessment [WPBA]. Element 2 Assessment option Using relevant theoretical and/or research literature, critically review one instrument of assessment used in clinical education. LAP and Modified LAP BACKGROUND In the traditional long case candidates spend 30-45mins with a patient from whom they take a history and examine. An examiner is not present and the candidate is not observed. The student summarises and is examined by a pair of examiners over a 20-30 minute period. The usual format of practice in long cases is to examine patients that are already known to the examiner or are in the examiners own specialty. The long case, patient based examinations have been used for decades both in undergraduate and postgraduate settings both as a formative and summative tool. They were specifically used for final certification exam for postgraduates both here and elsewhere. They had their strengths in that it evaluates performance with real patients and enables candidates to gather information and develop treatment plans under realistic circumstances (Norcini, 2002). However, this method has drawn lot of criticism. The problem lies with inter case reliability (Wass, et al., 2001) and whe n subjected to psychometric analysis, these examinations were found to be unreliable and so have fallen from favour (Turnbull, et al., 2005). Particular problems were with the reproducibility of scores generated by the long case. To improve this required large sampling which itself required a lot more resources which made the long case difficult to use as a summative assessment tool. Recent work suggests that the long case is still a highly relevant tool in that it appears to test a different clinical process to that of the structured short case examination (Wass and Jolly, 2001). A study, performed with undergraduates in London found that, by observing the process in the long case, the above problems could be overcome. This probably led to a return of long cases in the form of OSLER Objective Structured Long Examination Record introduced by Gleeson(Gleeson, 1997) and LAP the Leicester Assessment Package. The LAP was originally developed to assess the consultation competence of general practitioners in the UK. In the LAP, the patient is not known to the examiners and at least one of the examiners is not an expert in the specialty being examined. It has been designed for use in live and/or video recorded consultations with either real or simulated patients. It was subsequently adapted for use in undergraduate teaching. The LAP is designed to provide assessment by directly observed consultations with real patients/simulated patients, but to present this in a structured format closer to an OSCE, which also allows other aspects of performance to be assessed. Seven prioritized categories of consultation competence which need to be mastered are assessed with marking (Appendix 3). The modified LAP varies from the LAP in a couple of areas. Performance is assessed against predefined standards which are different compared to the LAP. The examiners attend training before they become assessors in the modified LAP. The guidelines to the examiners [how to mark and assess] and the assessment forms are appended (Appendix 4 5). Inevitably, some overlap occurs between components of differing categories. (Bhakta, et al., 2005) acknowledge that no single assessment format can adequately assess all the learning objectives within the course blueprint, a combination of assessments (including OSCE, EMQ, essays, short case, and long case) are currently used to assess the students competence. The authors main objective is to use theoretical and research literature to critically review the LAP and modified LAP used in the assessment of clinical practice. This review is based on the seven key concepts (Van der Vleuten, 1996; Schuwirth and van der Vleuten, 2006; PMETB, 2007) liste d below: Purposes Alignment Properties Standards Sampling Evidence Level 1. PURPOSES It can be used for both formative and summative assessment. (Fraser, et al., 1994) argued that the modified LAP is designed for both purposes. The focus of the examination in the intermediate clinical exam for undergraduate is to promote further improvement as they have done only one clinical year [e.g. WMS and Leicester Medical School]. Hence, the feedback is handed to the students which helps them to focus on their strengths and improve on their performance The 3rd and 4th year medical students of these Schools believed that it was likely to enhance their consultation performance (McKinley, et al., 2000). It has also been used as a formative tool in improving professional competence in different countries and different specialties (Lau, et al., 2003, Redsell, et al., 2003). When (Teoh and Bowden, 2008), arguing for the resurrection of the long case, state that the observed long case such as the Modified LAP doesnt encourage the reductionist approach as in Objective Structured Clinical Examination [OSCE ]. Thus, it can be an ideal summative assessment tool for the high stake exam but perhaps has to be used in conjunction with other tools as discussed below. Additionally, in most cases, the assessment is an end of year high-stakes assessment and, for failing students, there is generally only a short time available for remediation. The feedback provides a way to focus them on the areas of their consultation skills and prepare for their remedial exam. 2. ALIGNMENT The Education Committee of the General Medical Council (GMC) sets and monitors standards in all UK medical schools. Medical students must be able to demonstrate their competency and professionalism through a list of educational outcomes set out in the publication of Tomorrows Doctors (2003 and 2009) prior to graduation. The intended outcome envisaged by WMS is to produce a generation of doctors who have knowledge, proficient clinical skills and the appropriate attitudes and behaviours ready for work as Foundation Year one doctors. The modified LAP forms a part of the summative assessment in assessing mainly clinical skills e.g. examination techniques. As described, it has various components and proper, planned blueprinting against the learning objectives of the MBChB course and competencies of the various specialties (Wass, Van der Vleuten, Shatzer and Jones, 2001). Thus, assessment and curriculum design should be intricately interwoven and the assessment of course drives the learning (Wass, Van der Vleuten, Shatzer and Jones, 2001). Similarly, in postgraduate exams, it usually follows knowledge based assessment in the form of MCQs and careful alignment should be done considering the curriculum set by the institutions like the Royal Colleges. 3. PROPERTIES The property of an assessment or more commonly described as the utility or usefulness of an assessment, was originally described by Van der Vleuten (1996) as a product of its validity, reliability, educational impact, cost-effectiveness and acceptability. In later years, the term feasibility is explicitly acknowledged and has been described as an added component of an assessments utility in clinical education (Schuwirth and Van der Vleuten, 2006; PMETB, 2007). Validity Validity represents the extent to which a measurement actually measures what it intended to measure. In medical education, this signifies the degree of meaningfulness for any interpretation of a test score. (Downing, 2003) A recent study demonstrated that observation does measure a useful and distinctive component of history taking clinical competence over and above the contribution made by the presentation (Wass and Jolly, 2001). It would seem logical that, rather than relying on a presentation alone, observation of the candidate while eliciting the history and carrying out the examination would be a more valid assessment of the candidates competencies in LAP. There is data in the literature for the face validity and content of the seven categories and the various components of consultation competence as contained in the Leicester Assessment Package (Fraser, McKinley and Mulholland, 1994). Whether or not the test scores obtained, in any particular LAP, are an accurate representation of real world competency is subjected to a vast array of variables (Downing and Haladyna, 2004). For instance, the design of the test items, number of representative cases, experience training and leniency of examiners, co nsistency of simulated patients [ used mainly in psychiatry], completeness of marking schemes and the characteristics of the candidates, can all affect the validity of a LAP, making it a valid assessment in one education institute, but not another. However McKinley et al in their study of modified LAP in the general practise setting concluded that students will be exposed to a valid set of challenges to their consultation skills during consultations with minimum six largely unselected patients(McKinley, Fraser, Vleuten and Hastings, 2000). Concurrent validity whether the results are consistent with those tests of similar constructs? There are studies comparing OSCEs with observed long cases [which is similar to LAPs in some ways]; however, the author has not come across studies comparing different types of observed long case e.g. OSLER vs. Modified LAP. Does it predict the future performance need to be assessed by more studies by following up the generation of students where the LAP is used as an assessment tool. Also, more studies are needed to investigate the construct validity of LAP. Reliability Reliability refers to the degree of consistency within a measurement tool, the extent to which an instrument is capable of repeatedly producing the same test score even when administered at different times and locations, with different candidates (Schuwirth and van der Vleuten, 2006). An assessment approach may be considered reliable when it yields consistent results regardless of when it is used, who uses it and which item or case is assessed. The importance of a specific type of reliability depends upon what is being assessed and the method by which it is being assessed. Generally speaking, the reliability or generalisability coefficient [since there is multiple potential sources of variability in this assessment tool] of 0.8 or higher are desirable (Shea and Fortna, 2002). Since the LAP has its roots in the long case and considering that it has evolved as a modified observed long case the author will attempt to address how the deficiencies in reliability of long cases were addressed to make it a LAP. Attempts to improve the reliability of the long case and make it into an effective LAP fall into three categories. First, studies have considered how many additional long cases would be required, with Kroboth et al (1992) suggesting that 6-10 long cases (each of 1-1.5 h) would achieve a generalisability coefficient of 0.8. Thus it would take a minimum of 4 different cases with at least 2 assessors in each to be reliable and therefore, careful sampling of representative cases with the use of blueprints is of paramount importance (Cangelosi, 1990).Second, commentators have attempted to increase the number of long cases, but have done so by employing a format that draws on shorter assessments (20-45 min) and multiple cases (4-6) assessed directly after each other in a single session (McKinley et al, 2000; Wass Jolly, 2001; Hamdy et al, 2003; Norcini et al, 2003). Third, elements of the discussion and questioning aspects of the long case have been stan dardised in an attempt to improve reliability and student perceptions of fairness (Olson et al, 2000). Thus, having all relevant domains and enough numbers would increase the reliability and validity of the instrument. All these are incorporated in LAP and modified LAP to make a reliable instrument. This is further demonstrated by McKinley et al that the required levels of reliability can be achieved when the modified LAP is used by multiple markers in assessing the same consultation, that is, the package produces inter-assessor reliability. Their generalizability analysis indicates that two independent assessors assessing the performance of students across six consultations would achieve a reliability of 0ÂÂ ·94 in making pass or fail decisions. Also in this study ninety-eight percent of students perceived that their particular strengths and weaknesses were correctly identified, 99% that they were given specific advice on how to improve their performance and 98% believed that the feedback they had received would have long-term benefit(McKinley, Fraser, Vleuten and Hastings, 2000). The example of assessment criteria and guidelines of the modified LAP used in the study are incorporated as Appendix 4 and 5. Reliability of the LAP would not be severely threatened if the details of the test items have leaked out to the candidates unintentionally. However, it might if they have seen this patient before in the clinical setting. There were chances of this happening as the same banks of patients were used. This has been rectified by updating the bank and recruiting different patients. Broad sampling across cases is essential to assess clinical competence reliably (Wass and Vleuten, 2004). Feasibility The design and running of the modified LAP has significant resource implications. The crux of the issue for this kind of assessment is feasibility and cost effectiveness in terms of finance, space and manpower. Lots of time and effort are required to prepare and administer the instrument with high quality. Recruiting enough assessors, real patients, [simulated patients in case of psychiatry] and the equipment is always a huge challenge. Finding the trained assessors, who mostly tend to be busy clinicians, to take time from their heavy work schedule is also a challenge. However, lots of these issues can be overcome if this test is administered regularly i.e. sequential testing. This is further helped by having a database for the patients and assessors. Good advanced planning will also go a long way. Acceptability John B Cookson, et al. (2008), in a letter to the BMJ, say that feedback from students who have faced this examination in Leicester for the past 9 years strongly indicate that it is perceived as a fair and acceptable test of their abilities. From the organizational point of view it has been acceptable because of sequential testing. There is a healthy debate about replacing this with OSCEs or at least using OSCEs to supplement this for the assessment of clinical based practice. Educational Impact From the students point of view, the high-stakes LAP certainly exerts a great educational impact. The outcome of the examination will be used to decide the fate of the students. The LAP provides a platform for students to demonstrate their knowledge, skills, attitudes and behaviours in a single direct observational setting. Among other advantages it encourages students to develop the essential links between history, physical examination, diagnosis and management in each clinical challenge as the consultation progresses, not at some remote point thereafter. This is true as they practise for these exams in this way with peer group or supervision. It definitely has a huge educational impact as the students keep the final assessment in mind and practice the required domains in a structured way from various colleagues and peers. The impact is even greater in some medical schools like WMS as the feedback is given to the students in the formative intermediate exams. This enables the students to reflect on their performance and improve upon them. 4. STANDARDS The Standards can be criterion-referenced (absolute standard) or peer-referenced (relative standard). Borderline approach , fixed percentage , Angoffs and Hofstee methods are but a few of the many methods described in the literature for standard-setting (Norcini, 2003). Livingstone and Zieky (1989) proposed that the higher the stakes of the assessment, the greater the significance in using criterion-referenced standards. Thus criterion referenced can be used for LAP in the setting of high stakes exams like final professional exams in WMS or postgraduate exit exams SAMPLING It is impractical to combine all of the learning outcomes into a single, summative assessment. On a practical note one has to be careful while allotting the students and examiners for the different station/patients/item so that they get a wide variety of sampling that gives a different case mix. Thus, it also needs to be made sure that they are observed and examined by different examiners to increase the sampling. Thus a careful and effective blueprinting should be done to make LAP a high utility instrument. Moreover, qualitative triangulation of evidence [sampling] from different sources such as satisfactory performance in each block, including other types of exams likes OSCE for practical skills will further improve the reliability (Stern, et al., 2003). 6. EVIDENCE Evidence from a single point is not sufficiently generalisable to be extrapolated to all occasions (PMETB, 2007). Studies regarding validity and reliability are costly and difficult to design. Triangulation is an excellent solution to critique the evidence collated qualitatively, where evidence from at least 3 occasions/ resources indicating the same outcome is analyzed (PMETB, 2007). Each LAP item should be treated independently, as an entity of its own, and, although literature can prove LAP do possess the potential to be highly valid and reliable, such study would need to be conducted on separate occasions to demonstrate convincing evidence. This is continuous ongoing process at most of the institutions including WMS. 7. LEVEL It is suggested that using the LAP for direct observation of the consultation would be a useful tool to assess whether the student has successfully acquired the necessary competencies expected at the end of undergraduate or postgraduate training. One of the interesting components is to attempt to judge the overall relationship with the patient. Attitudes are most likely to be conveyed to the patient through the doctors behaviour and should, therefore, be assessed by the observation of behaviours in the clinical setting (REZLER, 1976). Nevertheless, this approach relies on judgements, made by experts, of non-standardised material and is, therefore, open to question. Because professionalism is a complex construct, it is unlikely that a single assessment will adequately measure it even though this assessment makes the attempt. Systematic assessment of professionalism should also include many different assessors, more than one assessment method and assessment in different settings (Lynch , et al., 2004). Hence, these assessments are a continuous process throughout the MBChB and, indeed, afterwards. In essence the LAP, as an assessment tool, is close to competency based assessment and demonstrates shows how in the Miller triangle. CONCLUSIONS Long cases on their own have been criticised for poor reliability of examiner assessments and the lack of direct observation by the examiner of the trainee patient encounter [reducing the validity of the assessments]. There is evidence that adding an observing examiner to the history and physical examination part of the long case assessment increases reliability and helps to reconcile the complex interactions between the context and the skills/knowledge (construct) that the long case attempts to measure (Wass and Jolly, 2001). The LAP is one such tool where there is observation during history and physical examination and structured assessment and proves to be of high utility. This is supported by some studies in the formative setting(McKinley, Fraser, Vleuten and Hastings, 2000) The LAP, when analysed via its properties, is a good tool to assess observed clinical practice. It might not be so effective for practical skills and, for these, it probably needs to be supplemented by work based assessments or even OSCEs. When supplemented with other assessment tools [Triangulation] LAPs can be used effectively for summative assessment in high stake assessments such as the final examinations for medical students. The main drawbacks are feasibility, difficulty in blue-printing and cost effectiveness. It encourages students to develop the essential skills together rather than combining them afterwards. REFERENCES Bhakta, B., Tennant, A., Horton, M., Lawton, G. and Andrich, D. (2005) Using item response theory to explore the psychometric properties of extended matching questions examination in undergraduate medical education. BMC Medical Education, 5 (1): 9. Fraser, R. C., McKinley, R. K. and Mulholland, H. (1994) Consultation competence in general practice: establishing the face validity of prioritized criteria in the Leicester assessment package.[see comment]. British Journal of General Practice, 44 (380): 109-113. Gleeson, F. (1997) AMEE Medical Education Guide No. 9. Assessment of clinical competence using the objective structured long examination record (OSLER). Medical Teacher, 19 (1): 7-14. J. Mason, C. O. K. A. M. A. H. A. B. R. J. Y. (1999) A systematic review of foot ulcer in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus. I: prevention. Diabetic Medicine, 16 (10): 801-812. Lau, J. K. C., Fraser, R. C. and Lam, C. L. K. (2003) Establishing the content validity in Hong Kong of the prioritised criteria of consultation competence in the Leicester Assessment Package (LAP). Hong Kong Practitioner, 25 (12): 596-602. Lynch, D. C., Surdyk, P. M. and Eiser, A. R. (2004) Assessing professionalism: a review of the literature. Medical teacher, 26 (4): 366-373. McKinley, R. K., Fraser, R. C., Vleuten, C. v. d. and Hastings, A. M. (2000) Formative assessment of the consultation performance of medical students in the setting of general practice using a modified version of the Leicester Assessment Package. Medical Education, 34 (7): 573-579. Norcini, J. J. (2002) The death of the long case? BMJ, 324 (7334): 408-409. Norcini, J. J. (2003) Setting standards on educational tests. Medical Education, 37 (5): 464-469. Redsell, S. A., Hastings, A. M., Cheater, F. M. and Fraser, R. C. (2003) Devising and establishing the face and content validity of explicit criteria of consultation competence in UK primary care nurses. Nurse Education Today, 23 (4): 299-306. REZLER, A. G. (1976) Methods of attitude assessment for medical teachers. Medical Education, 10 (1): 43-51. Shea, J. A. and Fortna, G. S. (2002) 3 Psychometric Methods. International handbook of research in medical education, 97. Stern, D. T., Wojtczak, A. and Schwarz, M. R. (2003) The assessment of global minimum essential requirements in medical education. Medical Teacher, 25 (6): 589-595. Teoh, N. C. and Bowden, F. J. (2008) The case for resurrecting the long case. BMJ, 336 (7655): 1250. Turnbull, J., Turnbull, J., Jacob, P., Brown, J., Duplessis, M. and Rivest, J. (2005) Contextual Considerations in Summative Competency Examinations: Relevance to the Long Case. Academic Medicine, 80 (12): Wass, V. and Jolly, B. (2001) Does observation add to the validity of the long case? Medical Education, 35 (8): 729-734. Wass, V., Van der Vleuten, C., Shatzer, J. and Jones, R. (2001) Assessment of clinical competence. The Lancet, 357 (9260): 945-949. Wass, V. and Vleuten, C. v. d. (2004) The long case. Medical Education, 38 (11): 1176-1180. APPENDIX 1- PROPOSED ITEM AN OBSERVED MODIFIED LONG CASE CONTEXT- Following Continued Medical Education day for Diabetes Specialist Registrars-SPRs[CME Appendix 2] Aimed at senior SPR that is year 4-5 just a year before completion of their training Formative Assessment Can be used in their portfolios for Continued Professional Development CPD Generic skills assessed- Communication, Professionalism, Clinical reasoning in uncertain environment, Teamwork and Multidisciplinary Approach Assessment involves 4 items of observed long modified long cases and MCQ-paper aiming mainly at knowledge base. One such item an observed modified long case has been described below. Expected learning outcomes for this formative assessment item- Able to assess vascular, neurological status of foot and in a patient with diabetes Diagnose pedal pathologies in the